1,473 research outputs found
Misusing Freud: Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Homosexual Conversion Therapy
Current ideas of conversion therapy often focus on extremist religious groups that wish to cleanse the world of what they view as an immoral abomination, homosexuality. However, conversion therapy started out as mostly scientific curiosity. Sigmund Freudâs psychoanalytic research on human sexuality helped set the standards on psychosexual study in the twentieth century. Unfortunately, his views on homosexuality became distorted in the 1950s when psychoanalysts and psychiatrists used his methods of therapy but ignored his conclusions on homosexuality and sexual nature itself. Such distortions led to the destruction of many lives within the homosexual community.
Reparative therapy on homosexuals exploded into a crusade in the 1950s to attempt to cure what many psychoanalysts considered a pathological disease. But well before the post-World War II era, homosexuality was looked upon as abnormal or pathological. It began in the late-nineteenth century when those in the medical field started studying sexuality and understanding its relation to human behavior. Psychologists and psychiatrists like James Kiernan and Richard Von Kraft-Ebing defined sexual identity, and they used hypnosis to condition patientsâ sexuality, which marked the beginning of the study of human sexuality at the turn of the twentieth century. It was when Sigmund Freud began to research sexuality as it related to behavior patterns and the makeup of the human psyche that the psychosexual field began to evolve
The de Finetti theorem for test spaces
We prove a de Finetti theorem for exchangeable sequences of states on test
spaces, where a test space is a generalization of the sample space of classical
probability theory and the Hilbert space of quantum theory. The standard
classical and quantum de Finetti theorems are obtained as special cases. By
working in a test space framework, the common features that are responsible for
the existence of these theorems are elucidated. In addition, the test space
framework is general enough to imply a de Finetti theorem for classical
processes. We conclude by discussing the ways in which our assumptions may
fail, leading to probabilistic models that do not have a de Finetti theorem.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, revtex
Noncontextuality, Finite Precision Measurement and the Kochen-Specker Theorem
Meyer recently queried whether non-contextual hidden variable models can,
despite the Kochen-Specker theorem, simulate the predictions of quantum
mechanics to within any fixed finite experimental precision. Clifton and Kent
have presented constructions of non-contextual hidden variable theories which,
they argued, indeed simulate quantum mechanics in this way. These arguments
have evoked some controversy. One aim of this paper is to respond to and rebut
criticisms of the MCK papers. We thus elaborate in a little more detail how the
CK models can reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics to arbitrary
precision. We analyse in more detail the relationship between classicality,
finite precision measurement and contextuality, and defend the claims that the
CK models are both essentially classical and non-contextual. We also examine in
more detail the senses in which a theory can be said to be contextual or
non-contextual, and in which an experiment can be said to provide evidence on
the point. In particular, we criticise the suggestion that a decisive
experimental verification of contextuality is possible, arguing that the idea
rests on a conceptual confusion.Comment: 27 pages; published version; minor changes from previous versio
Popescu-Rohrlich correlations as a unit of nonlocality
A set of nonlocal correlations that have come to be known as a PR box suggest
themselves as a natural unit of nonlocality, much as a singlet is a natural
unit of entanglement. We present two results relevant to this idea. One is that
a wide class of multipartite correlations can be simulated using local
operations on PR boxes only. We show this with an explicit scheme, which has
the interesting feature that the number of PR boxes required is related to the
computational resources necessary to represent a function defining the
multipartite box. The second result is that there are quantum multipartite
correlations, arising from measurements on a cluster state, that cannot be
simulated with n PR boxes, for any n.Comment: 5 pages, no figures. v2: minor modification
Computation in generalised probabilistic theories
From the existence of an efficient quantum algorithm for factoring, it is
likely that quantum computation is intrinsically more powerful than classical
computation. At present, the best upper bound known for the power of quantum
computation is that BQP is in AWPP. This work investigates limits on
computational power that are imposed by physical principles. To this end, we
define a circuit-based model of computation in a class of operationally-defined
theories more general than quantum theory, and ask: what is the minimal set of
physical assumptions under which the above inclusion still holds? We show that
given only an assumption of tomographic locality (roughly, that multipartite
states can be characterised by local measurements), efficient computations are
contained in AWPP. This inclusion still holds even without assuming a basic
notion of causality (where the notion is, roughly, that probabilities for
outcomes cannot depend on future measurement choices). Following Aaronson, we
extend the computational model by allowing post-selection on measurement
outcomes. Aaronson showed that the corresponding quantum complexity class is
equal to PP. Given only the assumption of tomographic locality, the inclusion
in PP still holds for post-selected computation in general theories. Thus in a
world with post-selection, quantum theory is optimal for computation in the
space of all general theories. We then consider if relativised complexity
results can be obtained for general theories. It is not clear how to define a
sensible notion of an oracle in the general framework that reduces to the
standard notion in the quantum case. Nevertheless, it is possible to define
computation relative to a `classical oracle'. Then, we show there exists a
classical oracle relative to which efficient computation in any theory
satisfying the causality assumption and tomographic locality does not include
NP.Comment: 14+9 pages. Comments welcom
Maximally Non-Local and Monogamous Quantum Correlations
We introduce a version of the chained Bell inequality for an arbitrary number
of measurement outcomes, and use it to give a simple proof that the maximally
entangled state of two d dimensional quantum systems has no local component.
That is, if we write its quantum correlations as a mixture of local
correlations and general (not necessarily quantum) correlations, the
coefficient of the local correlations must be zero. This suggests an
experimental programme to obtain as good an upper bound as possible on the
fraction of local states, and provides a lower bound on the amount of classical
communication needed to simulate a maximally entangled state in dxd dimensions.
We also prove that the quantum correlations violating the inequality are
monogamous among non-signalling correlations, and hence can be used for quantum
key distribution secure against post-quantum (but non-signalling)
eavesdroppers.Comment: 5 pages, no figure
So It Vanished: Art, Taboo and Shared Space in Contemporary Aotearoa New Zealand
In February 2012, The Dowse Art Museum in Lower Hutt, near Wellington, planned to host So It Vanishes, an exhibition by acclaimed Mexican artist Teresa Margolles, whose often shocking works seek to highlight how dispensable human life has become in the parts of Mexico riven by drugs wars. Margollesâs installation would have used infinitesimal amounts of morgue water in a bubble mixture dispensed into an empty, silent room in the same building that sacred MÄori treasures are housed. The incorporation of water used to wash corpses in So It Vanishes, particularly in proximity to cultural treasures, would have been deeply offensive, indeed dangerous, for MÄori people. Following objections, the exhibition was cancelled. This article analyses the cancellation of So It Vanishes and seeks to answer whether and how transgressive art and indigenous beliefs may be reconciled in contemporary Aotearoa New Zealand
Limits on non-local correlations from the structure of the local state space
The outcomes of measurements on entangled quantum systems can be nonlocally
correlated. However, while it is easy to write down toy theories allowing
arbitrary nonlocal correlations, those allowed in quantum mechanics are
limited. Quantum correlations cannot, for example, violate a principle known as
macroscopic locality, which implies that they cannot violate Tsirelson's bound.
This work shows that there is a connection between the strength of nonlocal
correlations in a physical theory, and the structure of the state spaces of
individual systems. This is illustrated by a family of models in which local
state spaces are regular polygons, where a natural analogue of a maximally
entangled state of two systems exists. We characterize the nonlocal
correlations obtainable from such states. The family allows us to study the
transition between classical, quantum, and super-quantum correlations, by
varying only the local state space. We show that the strength of nonlocal
correlations - in particular whether the maximally entangled state violates
Tsirelson's bound or not - depends crucially on a simple geometric property of
the local state space, known as strong self-duality. This result is seen to be
a special case of a general theorem, which states that a broad class of
entangled states in probabilistic theories - including, by extension, all
bipartite classical and quantum states - cannot violate macroscopic locality.
Finally, our results show that there exist models which are locally almost
indistinguishable from quantum mechanics, but can nevertheless generate
maximally nonlocal correlations.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figures. v2: Document structure changed. Main theorem has
been extended. It applies to all quantum states now. v3: new abstrac
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